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The IEEE standard defines several modes for controlling the behavior of floating point operations. These modes specify the important properties of computer arithmetic: the direction used for rounding (e.g. whether numbers should be rounded up, down or to the nearest number), the rounding precision and how the program should handle arithmetic exceptions, such as division by zero.
Many of these features can now be controlled via standard functions such
as fpsetround, which should be used whenever they are available.
Unfortunately in the past there has been no universal API for
controlling their behavior—each system has had its own low-level way
of accessing them. To help you write portable programs GSL allows you
to specify modes in a platform-independent way using the environment
variable GSL_IEEE_MODE. The library then takes care of all the
necessary machine-specific initializations for you when you call the
function gsl_ieee_env_setup.
This function reads the environment variable
GSL_IEEE_MODEand attempts to set up the corresponding specified IEEE modes. The environment variable should be a list of keywords, separated by commas, like this,GSL_IEEE_MODE= "keyword,keyword,..."where keyword is one of the following mode-names,
single-precisiondouble-precisionextended-precisionround-to-nearestround-downround-upround-to-zeromask-allmask-invalidmask-denormalizedmask-division-by-zeromask-overflowmask-underflowtrap-inexacttrap-commonIf
GSL_IEEE_MODEis empty or undefined then the function returns immediately and no attempt is made to change the system's IEEE mode. When the modes fromGSL_IEEE_MODEare turned on the function prints a short message showing the new settings to remind you that the results of the program will be affected.If the requested modes are not supported by the platform being used then the function calls the error handler and returns an error code of
GSL_EUNSUP.When options are specified using this method, the resulting mode is based on a default setting of the highest available precision (double precision or extended precision, depending on the platform) in round-to-nearest mode, with all exceptions enabled apart from the inexact exception. The inexact exception is generated whenever rounding occurs, so it must generally be disabled in typical scientific calculations. All other floating-point exceptions are enabled by default, including underflows and the use of denormalized numbers, for safety. They can be disabled with the individual
mask-settings or together usingmask-all.The following adjusted combination of modes is convenient for many purposes,
GSL_IEEE_MODE="double-precision,"\ "mask-underflow,"\ "mask-denormalized"This choice ignores any errors relating to small numbers (either denormalized, or underflowing to zero) but traps overflows, division by zero and invalid operations.
Note that on the x86 series of processors this function sets both the original x87 mode and the newer mxcsr mode, which controls SSE floating-point operations. The SSE floating-point units do not have a precision-control bit, and always work in double-precision. The single-precision and extended-precision keywords have no effect in this case.
To demonstrate the effects of different rounding modes consider the following program which computes e, the base of natural logarithms, by summing a rapidly-decreasing series,
e = 1 + 1/2! + 1/3! + 1/4! + ...
= 2.71828182846...
#include <stdio.h>
#include <gsl/gsl_math.h>
#include <gsl/gsl_ieee_utils.h>
int
main (void)
{
double x = 1, oldsum = 0, sum = 0;
int i = 0;
gsl_ieee_env_setup (); /* read GSL_IEEE_MODE */
do
{
i++;
oldsum = sum;
sum += x;
x = x / i;
printf ("i=%2d sum=%.18f error=%g\n",
i, sum, sum - M_E);
if (i > 30)
break;
}
while (sum != oldsum);
return 0;
}
Here are the results of running the program in round-to-nearest
mode. This is the IEEE default so it isn't really necessary to specify
it here,
$ GSL_IEEE_MODE="round-to-nearest" ./a.out
i= 1 sum=1.000000000000000000 error=-1.71828
i= 2 sum=2.000000000000000000 error=-0.718282
....
i=18 sum=2.718281828459045535 error=4.44089e-16
i=19 sum=2.718281828459045535 error=4.44089e-16
After nineteen terms the sum converges to within
4 \times 10^-16 of the correct value.
If we now change the rounding mode to
round-down the final result is less accurate,
$ GSL_IEEE_MODE="round-down" ./a.out
i= 1 sum=1.000000000000000000 error=-1.71828
....
i=19 sum=2.718281828459041094 error=-3.9968e-15
The result is about
4 \times 10^-15
below the correct value, an order of magnitude worse than the result
obtained in the round-to-nearest mode.
If we change to rounding mode to round-up then the final result
is higher than the correct value (when we add each term to the sum the
final result is always rounded up, which increases the sum by at least
one tick until the added term underflows to zero). To avoid this
problem we would need to use a safer converge criterion, such as
while (fabs(sum - oldsum) > epsilon), with a suitably chosen
value of epsilon.
Finally we can see the effect of computing the sum using
single-precision rounding, in the default round-to-nearest
mode. In this case the program thinks it is still using double precision
numbers but the CPU rounds the result of each floating point operation
to single-precision accuracy. This simulates the effect of writing the
program using single-precision float variables instead of
double variables. The iteration stops after about half the number
of iterations and the final result is much less accurate,
$ GSL_IEEE_MODE="single-precision" ./a.out
....
i=12 sum=2.718281984329223633 error=1.5587e-07
with an error of O(10^-7), which corresponds to single precision accuracy (about 1 part in 10^7). Continuing the iterations further does not decrease the error because all the subsequent results are rounded to the same value.