F.16. hstore

This module implements the hstore data type for storing sets of key/value pairs within a single PostgreSQL value. This can be useful in various scenarios, such as rows with many attributes that are rarely examined, or semi-structured data. Keys and values are simply text strings.

F.16.1. hstore External Representation

The text representation of an hstore, used for input and output, includes zero or more key => value pairs separated by commas. Some examples:

k => v
foo => bar, baz => whatever
"1-a" => "anything at all"

The order of the pairs is not significant (and may not be reproduced on output). Whitespace between pairs or around the => sign is ignored. Double-quote keys and values that include whitespace, commas, =s or >s. To include a double quote or a backslash in a key or value, escape it with a backslash.

Each key in an hstore is unique. If you declare an hstore with duplicate keys, only one will be stored in the hstore and there is no guarantee as to which will be kept:

SELECT 'a=>1,a=>2'::hstore;
  hstore
----------
 "a"=>"1"

A value (but not a key) can be an SQL NULL. For example:

key => NULL

The NULL keyword is case-insensitive. Double-quote the NULL to treat it as the ordinary string "NULL".

Note: Keep in mind that the hstore text format, when used for input, applies before any required quoting or escaping. If you are passing an hstore literal via a parameter, then no additional processing is needed. But if you're passing it as a quoted literal constant, then any single-quote characters and (depending on the setting of the standard_conforming_strings configuration parameter) backslash characters need to be escaped correctly. See Section 4.1.2.1 for more on the handling of string constants.

On output, double quotes always surround keys and values, even when it's not strictly necessary.

F.16.2. hstore Operators and Functions

The operators provided by the hstore module are shown in Table F-6, the functions in Table F-7.

Table F-6. hstore Operators

OperatorDescriptionExampleResult
hstore -> textget value for key (NULL if not present)'a=>x, b=>y'::hstore -> 'a'x
hstore -> text[]get values for keys (NULL if not present)'a=>x, b=>y, c=>z'::hstore -> ARRAY['c','a']{"z","x"}
text => textmake single-pair hstore'a' => 'b'"a"=>"b"
hstore || hstoreconcatenate hstores'a=>b, c=>d'::hstore || 'c=>x, d=>q'::hstore"a"=>"b", "c"=>"x", "d"=>"q"
hstore ? textdoes hstore contain key?'a=>1'::hstore ? 'a't
hstore ?& text[]does hstore contain all specified keys?'a=>1,b=>2'::hstore ?& ARRAY['a','b']t
hstore ?| text[]does hstore contain any of the specified keys?'a=>1,b=>2'::hstore ?| ARRAY['b','c']t
hstore @> hstoredoes left operand contain right?'a=>b, b=>1, c=>NULL'::hstore @> 'b=>1't
hstore <@ hstoreis left operand contained in right?'a=>c'::hstore <@ 'a=>b, b=>1, c=>NULL'f
hstore - textdelete key from left operand'a=>1, b=>2, c=>3'::hstore - 'b'::text"a"=>"1", "c"=>"3"
hstore - text[]delete keys from left operand'a=>1, b=>2, c=>3'::hstore - ARRAY['a','b']"c"=>"3"
hstore - hstoredelete matching pairs from left operand'a=>1, b=>2, c=>3'::hstore - 'a=>4, b=>2'::hstore"a"=>"1", "c"=>"3"
record #= hstorereplace fields in record with matching values from hstoresee Examples section 
%% hstoreconvert hstore to array of alternating keys and values%% 'a=>foo, b=>bar'::hstore{a,foo,b,bar}
%# hstoreconvert hstore to two-dimensional key/value array%# 'a=>foo, b=>bar'::hstore{{a,foo},{b,bar}}

Note: Prior to PostgreSQL 8.2, the containment operators @> and <@ were called @ and ~, respectively. These names are still available, but are deprecated and will eventually be removed. Notice that the old names are reversed from the convention formerly followed by the core geometric data types!

Note: The => operator is deprecated and may be removed in a future release. Use the hstore(text, text) function instead.

Table F-7. hstore Functions

FunctionReturn TypeDescriptionExampleResult
hstore(record)hstoreconstruct an hstore from a record or rowhstore(ROW(1,2))f1=>1,f2=>2
hstore(text[])hstoreconstruct an hstore from an array, which may be either a key/value array, or a two-dimensional arrayhstore(ARRAY['a','1','b','2']) || hstore(ARRAY[['c','3'],['d','4']])a=>1, b=>2, c=>3, d=>4
hstore(text[], text[])hstoreconstruct an hstore from separate key and value arrayshstore(ARRAY['a','b'], ARRAY['1','2'])"a"=>"1","b"=>"2"
hstore(text, text)hstoremake single-item hstorehstore('a', 'b')"a"=>"b"
akeys(hstore)text[]get hstore's keys as an arrayakeys('a=>1,b=>2'){a,b}
skeys(hstore)setof textget hstore's keys as a setskeys('a=>1,b=>2')
a
b
avals(hstore)text[]get hstore's values as an arrayavals('a=>1,b=>2'){1,2}
svals(hstore)setof textget hstore's values as a setsvals('a=>1,b=>2')
1
2
hstore_to_array(hstore)text[]get hstore's keys and values as an array of alternating keys and valueshstore_to_array('a=>1,b=>2'){a,1,b,2}
hstore_to_matrix(hstore)text[]get hstore's keys and values as a two-dimensional arrayhstore_to_matrix('a=>1,b=>2'){{a,1},{b,2}}
slice(hstore, text[])hstoreextract a subset of an hstoreslice('a=>1,b=>2,c=>3'::hstore, ARRAY['b','c','x'])"b"=>"2", "c"=>"3"
each(hstore)setof(key text, value text)get hstore's keys and values as a setselect * from each('a=>1,b=>2')
 key | value
-----+-------
 a   | 1
 b   | 2
exist(hstore,text)booleandoes hstore contain key?exist('a=>1','a')t
defined(hstore,text)booleandoes hstore contain non-NULL value for key?defined('a=>NULL','a')f
delete(hstore,text)hstoredelete pair with matching keydelete('a=>1,b=>2','b')"a"=>"1"
delete(hstore,text[])hstoredelete pairs with matching keysdelete('a=>1,b=>2,c=>3',ARRAY['a','b'])"c"=>"3"
delete(hstore,hstore)hstoredelete pairs matching those in the second argumentdelete('a=>1,b=>2','a=>4,b=>2'::hstore)"a"=>"1"
populate_record(record,hstore)recordreplace fields in record with matching values from hstoresee Examples section 

Note: The function populate_record is actually declared with anyelement, not record, as its first argument, but it will reject non-record types with a run-time error.

F.16.3. Indexes

hstore has GiST and GIN index support for the @>, ?, ?& and ?| operators. For example:

CREATE INDEX hidx ON testhstore USING GIST (h);

CREATE INDEX hidx ON testhstore USING GIN (h);

hstore also supports btree or hash indexes for the = operator. This allows hstore columns to be declared UNIQUE, or to be used in GROUP BY, ORDER BY or DISTINCT expressions. The sort ordering for hstore values is not particularly useful, but these indexes may be useful for equivalence lookups. Create indexes for = comparisons as follows:

CREATE INDEX hidx ON testhstore USING BTREE (h);

CREATE INDEX hidx ON testhstore USING HASH (h);

F.16.4. Examples

Add a key, or update an existing key with a new value:

UPDATE tab SET h = h || ('c' => '3');

Delete a key:

UPDATE tab SET h = delete(h, 'k1');

Convert a record to an hstore:

CREATE TABLE test (col1 integer, col2 text, col3 text);
INSERT INTO test VALUES (123, 'foo', 'bar');

SELECT hstore(t) FROM test AS t;
                   hstore                    
---------------------------------------------
 "col1"=>"123", "col2"=>"foo", "col3"=>"bar"
(1 row)

Convert an hstore to a predefined record type:

CREATE TABLE test (col1 integer, col2 text, col3 text);

SELECT * FROM populate_record(null::test,
                              '"col1"=>"456", "col2"=>"zzz"');
 col1 | col2 | col3 
------+------+------
  456 | zzz  | 
(1 row)

Modify an existing record using the values from an hstore:

CREATE TABLE test (col1 integer, col2 text, col3 text);
INSERT INTO test VALUES (123, 'foo', 'bar');

SELECT (r).* FROM (SELECT t #= '"col3"=>"baz"' AS r FROM test t) s;
 col1 | col2 | col3 
------+------+------
  123 | foo  | baz
(1 row)

F.16.5. Statistics

The hstore type, because of its intrinsic liberality, could contain a lot of different keys. Checking for valid keys is the task of the application. The following examples demonstrate several techniques for checking keys and obtaining statistics.

Simple example:

SELECT * FROM each('aaa=>bq, b=>NULL, ""=>1');

Using a table:

SELECT (each(h)).key, (each(h)).value INTO stat FROM testhstore;

Online statistics:

SELECT key, count(*) FROM
  (SELECT (each(h)).key FROM testhstore) AS stat
  GROUP BY key
  ORDER BY count DESC, key;
    key    | count
-----------+-------
 line      |   883
 query     |   207
 pos       |   203
 node      |   202
 space     |   197
 status    |   195
 public    |   194
 title     |   190
 org       |   189
...................

F.16.6. Compatibility

As of PostgreSQL 9.0, hstore uses a different internal representation than previous versions. This presents no obstacle for dump/restore upgrades since the text representation (used in the dump) is unchanged.

In the event of a binary upgrade, upward compatibility is maintained by having the new code recognize old-format data. This will entail a slight performance penalty when processing data that has not yet been modified by the new code. It is possible to force an upgrade of all values in a table column by doing an UPDATE statement as follows:

UPDATE tablename SET hstorecol = hstorecol || '';

Another way to do it is:

ALTER TABLE tablename ALTER hstorecol TYPE hstore USING hstorecol || '';

The ALTER TABLE method requires an exclusive lock on the table, but does not result in bloating the table with old row versions.

F.16.7. Authors

Oleg Bartunov , Moscow, Moscow University, Russia

Teodor Sigaev , Moscow, Delta-Soft Ltd., Russia

Additional enhancements by Andrew Gierth , United Kingdom